{"id":5676,"date":"2025-10-17T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elmeistrai.lt\/?p=5676"},"modified":"2025-10-06T16:29:06","modified_gmt":"2025-10-06T13:29:06","slug":"pirmasis-kompiuterinis-virusas-istorija-apie-kuria-nezinojote","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elmeistrai.lt\/ru\/pirmasis-kompiuterinis-virusas-istorija-apie-kuria-nezinojote\/","title":{"rendered":"Pirmasis kompiuterinis virusas: istorija, apie kuri\u0105 ne\u017einojote"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kai kompiuteriai dar buvo nekalti<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Dabar sunku \u012fsivaizduoti, bet buvo laikas, kai kompiuteriai netur\u0117jo antivirusini\u0173 program\u0173, o \u017emon\u0117s n\u0117 nenutuok\u0117, kad ma\u0161ina gali \u201esusirgti”. 1971-aisiais, kai dauguma \u017emoni\u0173 dar ne\u017einojo, kas i\u0161 viso yra kompiuteris, Bob Thomas, dirbantis BBN Technologies kompanijoje, suk\u016br\u0117 ka\u017ek\u0105 keisto \u2013 program\u0105 pavadinimu \u201eCreeper”. Tai nebuvo kenk\u0117ji\u0161ka programa tikr\u0105ja prasme, grei\u010diau eksperimentas, bet b\u016btent ji tapo pirmuoju dalyku, kur\u012f gal\u0117tume pavadinti kompiuteriniu virusu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eCreeper” veik\u0117 ARPANET tinkle \u2013 interneto prot\u0117vyje, kuris jung\u0117 kelis de\u0161imtis kompiuteri\u0173 JAV. Programa buvo paprasta: ji pati save kopijuodavo i\u0161 vieno kompiuterio \u012f kit\u0105 ir ekrane rodydavo \u017einut\u0119 \u201eI’M THE CREEPER: CATCH ME IF YOU CAN” (A\u0161 esu v\u0117l\u016bnas: pagauk mane, jei gali). Niekas nebuvo sugadinta, niekas nepavogta \u2013 tiesiog programa keliaujanti tarp ma\u0161in\u0173 kaip vaiduoklis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kada virusas tampa virusu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u012edomu tai, kad pats terminas \u201ekompiuterinis virusas” atsirado gerokai v\u0117liau. J\u012f 1983 metais sugalvojo Fred Cohen, kompiuteri\u0173 moksl\u0173 studentas, kuris savo disertacijoje apra\u0161\u0117 savaranki\u0161kai besidauginan\u010dias programas. Jis pasteb\u0117jo, kad tokios programos elgiasi kaip biologiniai virusai \u2013 prisijungia prie \u201esveik\u0173” program\u0173 ir platinasi toliau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bet gr\u012f\u017ekime prie \u201eCreeper”. Kai \u0161i programa prad\u0117jo \u0161okin\u0117ti po ARPANET kompiuterius, kilo klausimas \u2013 kaip j\u0105 sustabdyti? Ir \u010dia \u012fvyko dar \u012fdomesnis dalykas. Ray Tomlinson (taip, tas pats \u017emogus, kuris i\u0161rado el. pa\u0161t\u0105 su @ simboliu) suk\u016br\u0117 kit\u0105 program\u0105 \u2013 \u201eReaper” (Pjov\u0117jas). Jos vienintelis tikslas buvo sekti \u201eCreeper” p\u0117domis ir j\u012f i\u0161trinti. Tai buvo pirmoji antivirusin\u0117 programa pasaulio istorijoje, nors tuomet niekas jos taip nevadino.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kod\u0117l \u017emon\u0117s prad\u0117jo kurti virusus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Po \u201eCreeper” eksperimento pra\u0117jo beveik de\u0161imtmetis, kol atsirado tikrai kenk\u0117ji\u0161ki virusai. 1982 metais pasirod\u0117 \u201eElk Cloner” \u2013 pirmasis virusas, kuris plito laisvai u\u017e laboratorijos rib\u0173. J\u012f suk\u016br\u0117 15-metis vaikinas Rich Skrenta, kuris nor\u0117jo i\u0161dykauti su draug\u0173 Apple II kompiuteriais. Virusas platino per diskelius ir kas 50-\u0105j\u012f kart\u0105 \u012fkraunant kompiuter\u012f rodydavo eil\u0117ra\u0161t\u012f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Elk Cloner: The program with a personality
It will get on all your disks
It will infiltrate your chips
Yes, it’s Cloner!<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Tai buvo pok\u0161tas, bet jis parod\u0117 svarb\u0173 dalyk\u0105 \u2013 virusai gal\u0117jo plisti be jokio tinklo ry\u0161io, tiesiog perduodant diskelius i\u0161 rank\u0173 \u012f rankas. O diske\u010di\u0173 tuomet buvo dalijamasi nuolat \u2013 taip \u017emon\u0117s keit\u0117si programomis, \u017eaidimais, duomenimis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0117liau motyvai tapo \u012fvairesni. Vieni k\u016br\u0117 virusus i\u0161 smalsumo, nor\u0117dami patikrinti, ar tai \u012fmanoma. Kiti \u2013 d\u0117l ego, nor\u0117dami \u012frodyti savo programavimo \u012fg\u016bd\u017eius. Dar kiti \u2013 d\u0117l ideologini\u0173 prie\u017eas\u010di\u0173, protestuodami prie\u0161 dideles korporacijas. O kai kurie tiesiog nor\u0117jo sukelti chaos\u0105 ir pasi\u017ei\u016br\u0117ti, kas nutiks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaip virusai i\u0161 ties\u0173 veikia<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kompiuterinis virusas veikia pana\u0161iai kaip tikras biologinis virusas, tik u\u017euot u\u017ekr\u0117t\u0119s l\u0105steles, jis u\u017ekre\u010dia failus ar programas. Papras\u010diausia virus\u0173 forma veikia taip: jis prisijungia prie normalios programos kodo. Kai paleidi t\u0105 program\u0105, kartu paleid\u017eiamas ir virusas. Virusas tada ie\u0161ko kit\u0173 program\u0173, prie kuri\u0173 gal\u0117t\u0173 prisijungti, ir procesas kartojasi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ankstyvieji virusai buvo gana primityv\u016bs. Jie tiesiog kopijuodavo savo kod\u0105 \u012f kitus failus. Bet greitai virus\u0173 k\u016br\u0117jai tapo gudresni. Atsirado polimorfinis kodas \u2013 virusai, kurie kiekvien\u0105 kart\u0105 \u0161iek tiek kei\u010dia savo i\u0161vaizd\u0105, kad antivirusin\u0117s programos j\u0173 neatpa\u017eint\u0173. Tarsi nusikalt\u0117lis, kuris kiekvien\u0105 dien\u0105 d\u0117vi skirting\u0105 peruk\u0173 ir akini\u0173 derin\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0117liau atsirado dar sud\u0117tingesni dalykai. \u201eStealth” virusai mok\u0117jo sl\u0117ptis nuo antivirusini\u0173 program\u0173, per\u0117mdami kontrol\u0119 vir\u0161 tam tikr\u0173 sistemos funkcij\u0173. Kai antivirusin\u0117 programa bandydavo patikrinti fail\u0105, virusas gr\u0105\u017eindavo \u0161varios, neu\u017ekr\u0117stos versijos duomenis. Tarsi tur\u0117tum dvyn\u012f, kuris atsako \u012f skambu\u010dius, kai tu nori b\u016bti ramyb\u0117je.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Didieji virus\u0173 protr\u016bkiai, kurie pakeit\u0117 visk\u0105<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1986 metais atsirado \u201eBrain” \u2013 pirmasis virusas, u\u017ekr\u0117t\u0119s DOS operacin\u0119 sistem\u0105. J\u012f suk\u016br\u0117 du broliai i\u0161 Pakistano, Basit ir Amjad Farooq Alvi, kurie vald\u0117 kompiuteri\u0173 parduotuv\u0119. Juos erzino, kad \u017emon\u0117s neteis\u0117tai kopijuoja j\u0173 sukurt\u0105 programin\u0119 \u012frang\u0105, tod\u0117l jie suk\u016br\u0117 virus\u0105 kaip apsaugos mechanizm\u0105. Ironi\u0161kai, jis i\u0161plito daug pla\u010diau nei j\u0173 originali programa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bet tikrasis chaosas prasid\u0117jo 1988 metais su \u201eMorris Worm”. Tai nebuvo tiksliai virusas \u2013 tai buvo kirminas (worm), kuris plito pats savaime, be joki\u0173 fail\u0173. J\u012f suk\u016br\u0117 Cornell universiteto studentas Robert Tappan Morris, kuris v\u0117liau teig\u0117, kad nor\u0117jo tik i\u0161matuoti interneto dyd\u012f. Deja, programoje buvo klaida, ir ji prad\u0117jo daugintis nekontroliuojamai. Per kelias valandas \u201eMorris Worm” u\u017ekr\u0117t\u0117 apie 6000 kompiuteri\u0173 \u2013 tai buvo ma\u017edaug 10% viso tuometinio interneto. \u017dala siek\u0117 milijonus doleri\u0173, o Morris tapo pirmuoju \u017emogumi, nuteist\u0173 pagal JAV kompiuterini\u0173 suk\u010diavim\u0173 \u012fstatym\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1999-ieji atne\u0161\u0117 \u201eMelissa” \u2013 virus\u0105, kuris plito per el. pa\u0161t\u0105. Jis atidarydavo Microsoft Word dokumentus, ie\u0161kodavo adres\u0173 knygoje ir i\u0161si\u0173sdavo save pirmiem 50 kontakt\u0173. \u017dinut\u0117 atrod\u0117 kaip at\u0117jusi i\u0161 pa\u017e\u012fstamo \u017emogaus, tod\u0117l gav\u0117jai patik\u0117davo ir atidarydavo. \u201eMelissa” u\u017ekr\u0117t\u0117 daugiau nei milijon\u0105 kompiuteri\u0173 ir privert\u0117 daugel\u012f dideli\u0173 kompanij\u0173 i\u0161jungti savo el. pa\u0161to sistemas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kai virusai tapo verslu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ka\u017ekuriuo momentu viskas pasikeit\u0117. Virusai nustojo b\u016bti paaugli\u0173 pok\u0161tais ar techniniais eksperimentais \u2013 jie tapo pinig\u0173 k\u0117limo \u012frankiu. 2000-\u0173j\u0173 prad\u017eioje atsirado pirmieji ransomware virusai, kurie u\u017e\u0161ifruodavo j\u016bs\u0173 failus ir reikalaudavo i\u0161pirkos u\u017e j\u0173 atblokavim\u0105. Tai buvo kaip skaitmenin\u0117 \u012fkait\u0173 drama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bank\u0173 trojanai prad\u0117jo vogti prisijungimo duomenis prie internetin\u0117s bankininkyst\u0117s. Botnetai \u2013 t\u016bkstan\u010diai u\u017ekr\u0117st\u0173 kompiuteri\u0173, kontroliuojam\u0173 vieno asmens \u2013 buvo nuomojami kitiems nusikalt\u0117liams spam siuntimui ar DDoS atakoms. Atsirado visa po\u017eemin\u0117 ekonomika, kur gal\u0117jai nusipirkti paruo\u0161tus virus\u0173 komplektus, net jei pats nemok\u0117jai programuoti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160iandien kibernetiniai nusikaltimai yra milijard\u0173 doleri\u0173 industrija. Virusai tapo sofistikuoti, tikslingi ir profesionaliai valdomi. Kai kurie net turi technin\u0117s pagalbos tarnybas \u2013 \u012fsivaizduokite, kad jus u\u017epuol\u0119 nusikalt\u0117liai si\u016blo chat palaikym\u0105, jei turite problem\u0173 mokant i\u0161pirk\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaip apsisaugoti \u0161iuolaikiniame pasaulyje<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Gera \u017einia ta, kad nors virusai tapo sud\u0117tingesni, apsaugos priemon\u0117s irgi pa\u017eeng\u0117 \u012f priek\u012f. \u0160iuolaikin\u0117s antivirusin\u0117s programos naudoja dirbtin\u012f intelekt\u0105, analizuoja program\u0173 elges\u012f realiu laiku ir dalijasi informacija apie naujas gr\u0117smes su visais vartotojais akimirksniu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ta\u010diau geriausia apsauga vis dar yra sveiko proto naudojimas. \u0160tai keletas praktini\u0173 patarim\u0173:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neatidarykit pried\u0173 i\u0161 ne\u017einom\u0173 siunt\u0117j\u0173<\/b> \u2013 net jei \u017einut\u0117 atrodo \u012ftikinama. Jei gavote s\u0105skait\u0105 i\u0161 kompanijos, su kuria nedirbate, arba prane\u0161im\u0105 apie laim\u0117jim\u0105 konkurse, kuriame nedalyvavote \u2013 tai grei\u010diausiai suk\u010diavimas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Atnaujinkit savo programin\u0119 \u012frang\u0105<\/b> \u2013 taip, tie nuolatiniai prane\u0161imai apie atnaujinimus yra erzinantys, bet jie egzistuoja d\u0117l prie\u017easties. Daugelis virus\u0173 i\u0161naudoja senus saugumo tr\u016bkumus, kurie jau seniai pataisyti naujose versijose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naudokit stiprius, unikalius slapta\u017eod\u017eius<\/b> \u2013 ir ne, \u201eslaptazodis123″ n\u0117ra stiprus slapta\u017eodis. Jei jums sunku atsiminti daug skirting\u0173 slapta\u017eod\u017ei\u0173, naudokite slapta\u017eod\u017ei\u0173 valdymo program\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Darykite atsargines kopijas<\/b> \u2013 jei virusas u\u017e\u0161ifruos j\u016bs\u0173 failus, tur\u0117site atsargin\u0119 kopij\u0105 ir nereik\u0117s mok\u0117ti i\u0161pirkos. Idealiu atveju tur\u0117kite bent dvi kopijas \u2013 vien\u0105 debesyje, kit\u0105 i\u0161oriniame kietajame diske, kuris paprastai neb\u016bna prijungtas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0105 virusai i\u0161mok\u0117 mus apie technologijas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u017dvelgiant atgal, kompiuteriniai virusai, nors ir kenk\u0117, tur\u0117jo netik\u0117t\u0105 \u0161alutin\u012f poveik\u012f. Jie privert\u0117 mus geriau suprasti, kaip veikia kompiuteriai ir tinklai. Jie paskatino saugumo technologij\u0173 vystym\u0105, kurios dabar apsaugo ne tik m\u016bs\u0173 asmeninius kompiuterius, bet ir bankus, ligonines, elektros tinklus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Virusai taip pat parod\u0117, kad technologijos n\u0117ra neutralios \u2013 jos gali b\u016bti naudojamos ir geriems, ir blogiems tikslams. Tas pats kodas, kuris leid\u017eia programai savaranki\u0161kai plisti ir atnaujintis, gali b\u016bti naudojamas tiek naudingiems atnaujinimams platinti, tiek kenk\u0117ji\u0161koms programoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u012edomu ir tai, kad daugelis \u017emoni\u0173, kurie anks\u010diau k\u016br\u0117 virusus, v\u0117liau tapo kibernetinio saugumo ekspertais. Jie \u017eino, kaip m\u0105sto u\u017epuolikai, nes patys kadaise tokie buvo. Tai primena sen\u0105 patarl\u0119 \u2013 reikia vagies, kad pagautum vag\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160iandien, kai beveik viskas yra prijungta prie interneto \u2013 nuo \u0161aldytuv\u0173 iki automobili\u0173 \u2013 virus\u0173 gr\u0117sm\u0117 yra aktualesn\u0117 nei bet kada. Bet kartu turime ir daugiau \u017eini\u0173, \u012franki\u0173 ir patirties, kaip su ja kovoti. Istorija nuo \u201eCreeper” iki \u0161i\u0173 dien\u0173 moko, kad technologij\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s tarp u\u017epuolik\u0173 ir gyn\u0117j\u0173 niekada nesibaigia \u2013 jos tiesiog pereina \u012f nauj\u0105 lyg\u012f.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kai kompiuteriai dar buvo nekalti Dabar sunku \u012fsivaizduoti, bet buvo laikas, kai kompiuteriai netur\u0117jo antivirusini\u0173 program\u0173, o \u017emon\u0117s n\u0117 nenutuok\u0117,…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5727,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kompiuteriu-remontas-kompiuteriai-naujienos-patarimai","wpcat-7-id"],"yoast_head":"\nPirmasis kompiuterinis virusas: istorija, apie kuri\u0105 ne\u017einojote<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/elmeistrai.lt\/ru\/pirmasis-kompiuterinis-virusas-istorija-apie-kuria-nezinojote\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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