{"id":5892,"date":"2025-11-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-11-15T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elmeistrai.lt\/?p=5892"},"modified":"2025-10-07T15:25:14","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T12:25:14","slug":"interneto-kabeliu-optiniu-skaidulu-sviesa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elmeistrai.lt\/fr\/interneto-kabeliu-optiniu-skaidulu-sviesa\/","title":{"rendered":"Interneto kabeli\u0173 optini\u0173 skaidul\u0173 \u0161viesa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kaip \u0161viesa keliauja po vandeniu ir po \u017eeme<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kai nar\u0161ote internet\u0105, \u017ei\u016brite film\u0105 ar skambinate per vaizdo ry\u0161\u012f, j\u016bs\u0173 duomenys grei\u010diausiai keliauja \u0161viesos grei\u010diu \u2013 tiesiogine to \u017eod\u017eio prasme. Optiniai kabeliai, kurie jungia \u017eemynus po vandenyn\u0173 dugnu ir driekiasi po miest\u0173 gatv\u0117mis, perduoda informacij\u0105 ne elektros impulsais, kaip senojo tipo variniai laidai, o \u0161viesos signalais. Tai skamba futuristi\u0161kai, bet \u0161i technologija jau kelias de\u0161imtmetes yra interneto stuburas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Optin\u0117 skaidula \u2013 tai plonyt\u0117 stiklo ar plastiko gija, kuri veikia kaip \u0161viesos vamzdis. \u012esivaizduokite labai ilg\u0105, lanks\u010di\u0105 stiklo vamzdel\u012f, plonesnis u\u017e \u017emogaus plauk\u0105. \u0160viesa \u012fleid\u017eiama \u012f vien\u0105 gal\u0105 ir keliauja vis\u0105 atstum\u0105 iki kito galo, atsimu\u0161in\u0117dama nuo sieneli\u0173 kaip kamuolys koridoriuje. Net jei kabelis sulenktas ar susisuk\u0119s, \u0161viesa vis tiek randa keli\u0105. Tai \u012fmanoma d\u0117l visi\u0161ko vidinio atspind\u017eio \u2013 fizikos rei\u0161kinio, kur\u012f mokslininkai prad\u0117jo tyrin\u0117ti dar XIX am\u017eiuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fizika, kuri leid\u017eia \u0161viesai apsisukti u\u017e kampo<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Visi\u0161kas vidinis atspindys \u2013 tai pagrindinis principas, d\u0117l kurio optin\u0117s skaidulos veikia. Kai \u0161viesa keliauja i\u0161 vienos med\u017eiagos \u012f kit\u0105 (pavyzd\u017eiui, i\u0161 stiklo \u012f or\u0105), ji gali atsimu\u0161in\u0117ti atgal vietoj to, kad praeit\u0173 per sien\u0105. Tai vyksta, kai \u0161viesa krenta tam tikru kampu ir kai viena med\u017eiaga yra opti\u0161kai tankesn\u0117 u\u017e kit\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Optin\u0117je skaiduloje yra kelios sluoksni\u0173 dalys. Viduryje \u2013 branduolys (core), pagamintas i\u0161 labai grynos stiklo r\u016b\u0161ies su auk\u0161tu l\u016b\u017eio rodikliu. Aplink j\u012f \u2013 apvalkalas (cladding), kuris taip pat stiklinis, bet su \u017eemesniu l\u016b\u017eio rodikliu. \u0160is skirtumas ir sukuria magi\u0161k\u0105 efekt\u0105: \u0161viesa, jud\u0117dama branduolyje, atsimu\u0161a nuo apvalkalo ribos ir negali i\u0161tr\u016bkti. Ji kaip \u012fkalinta viduje ir keliauja toliau, net jei kabelis sulenktas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\u0161or\u0117je dar yra apsauginiai sluoksniai \u2013 plastikin\u0117 danga, stiprinantys elementai, kartais net \u0161arvuot\u0117, jei kabelis klojamas vandenyno dugne ar kitoje agresyvioje aplinkoje. Bet pati informacija keliauja tik tame plonyt\u0117je stiklo branduolyje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nuo telegraf\u0173 iki terabit\u0173 per sekund\u0119<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Id\u0117ja perduoti informacij\u0105 \u0161viesa n\u0117ra nauja. Jau senov\u0117je \u017emon\u0117s naudojo \u0161vies\u0105 komunikacijai \u2013 lau\u017eus ant kaln\u0173 vir\u0161\u016bni\u0173, v\u0117liau \u0161vyturius. XIX am\u017eiuje Alexanderis Grahamas Bellas eksperimentavo su \u201efotofonu” \u2013 \u012frenginiu, kuris perdav\u0117 bals\u0105 \u0161viesos spinduliu. Bet prakti\u0161kai panaudoti \u0161i\u0105 id\u0117j\u0105 ilg\u0173 atstum\u0173 komunikacijai buvo ne\u012fmanoma, kol nebuvo i\u0161rastos tinkamos med\u017eiagos ir \u0161viesos \u0161altiniai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u016b\u017eis \u012fvyko XX am\u017eiaus septintajame de\u0161imtmetyje. 1966 metais Charlesas Kao ir George’as Hockham paskelb\u0117 revoliucin\u012f tyrim\u0105, kuriame parod\u0117, kad labai grynos stiklo skaidulos gali b\u016bti naudojamos telekomunikacijoms. Tuo metu stiklas buvo per daug ne\u0161varus \u2013 \u0161viesa prarasdavo per daug energijos keliaudama. Bet Kao \u012frod\u0117, kad tai ne fundamentali problema, o technologin\u0117. U\u017e \u0161\u012f darb\u0105 jis 2009 metais gavo Nobelio premij\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jau 1970 metais Corning Glass Works suk\u016br\u0117 pirm\u0105j\u0105 optin\u0119 skaidul\u0105, kuri atitiko reikalavimus telekomunikacijoms \u2013 \u0161viesa gal\u0117jo keliauti daugiau nei kilometr\u0105 neprarasdama per daug stiprumo. Tais pa\u010diais metais buvo i\u0161rasti puslaidininki\u0173 lazeriai, kurie gal\u0117jo veikti kambario temperat\u016broje. \u0160ie du i\u0161radimai atv\u0117r\u0117 keli\u0105 optini\u0173 kabeli\u0173 erai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kaip informacija paver\u010diama \u0161viesa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kai siun\u010diate \u017einut\u0119 ar atidarote svetain\u0119, j\u016bs\u0173 kompiuteris ar telefonas siun\u010dia duomenis kaip elektrinius signalus. Bet kad \u0161ie duomenys gal\u0117t\u0173 keliauti optiniu kabeliu, juos reikia paversti \u0161viesos impulsais. Tai daro special\u016bs \u012frenginiai \u2013 si\u0173stuvai su lazeriais arba \u0161viesos diodais (LED).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lazeriai yra geresni ilgiems atstumams, nes jie sukuria labai gryn\u0105, vienalyt\u0119 \u0161vies\u0105, kuri ma\u017eiau i\u0161sisklaid\u017eia keliaudama. Interneto magistraliniuose kabeliuose naudojami infraraudonieji lazeriai \u2013 \u017emogaus akiai nematoma \u0161viesa, kurios bangos ilgis da\u017eniausiai b\u016bna apie 1310 arba 1550 nanometr\u0173. \u0160ie konkret\u016bs bangos ilgiai pasirinkti ne atsitiktinai \u2013 b\u016btent ties jais stiklas turi ma\u017eiausi\u0105 \u0161vies\u0105 sugerian\u010di\u0105 savyb\u0119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duomenys koduojami labai paprastai: \u0161viesa dega \u2013 tai vienetas, \u0161viesa nedega \u2013 tai nulis. Bet realyb\u0117je viskas daug sud\u0117tingesn\u0117. Modernios sistemos naudoja sud\u0117tingus moduliacijos b\u016bdus, kai kei\u010diamas ne tik \u0161viesos buvimas ar nebuvimas, bet ir jos faz\u0117, poliarizacija, intensyvumas. Vienu metu tuo pa\u010diu kabeliu gali keliauti de\u0161imtys ar net \u0161imtai skirting\u0173 \u0161viesos bang\u0173 ilgi\u0173 \u2013 kiekvienas ne\u0161a savo duomen\u0173 sraut\u0105. \u0160i technologija vadinama WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) ir leid\u017eia vienam kabeliui perduoti ne\u012ftik\u0117tinus duomen\u0173 kiekius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vienmod\u0117s ir daugiamod\u0117s skaidulos \u2013 ne viskas vienoda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Optin\u0117s skaidulos n\u0117ra vienodos. Yra dvi pagrindin\u0117s r\u016b\u0161ys: vienmod\u0117s (single-mode) ir daugiamod\u0117s (multi-mode), ir jos skirtos skirtingiems tikslams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daugiamod\u0117s skaidulos turi storesn\u012f branduol\u012f \u2013 apie 50-62 mikrometrus. \u0160viesa gali keliauti \u012fvairiais keliais (modais) per \u0161\u012f branduol\u012f, atsimu\u0161tin\u0117dama skirtingais kampais. Tai palengvina \u0161viesos \u012fleidim\u0105 \u012f kabel\u012f ir leid\u017eia naudoti pigesnius LED \u0161viesos \u0161altinius. Bet problema ta, kad skirtingais keliais keliaujanti \u0161viesa pasiekia tiksl\u0105 skirtingu laiku \u2013 tai vadinamas modaline dispersija. D\u0117l to signalas i\u0161siple\u010dia ir i\u0161sibarsto, o tai riboja atstum\u0105 ir greit\u012f. Daugiamod\u0117s skaidulos naudojamos trumpiems atstumams \u2013 pastatuose, duomen\u0173 centruose, vietiniuose tinkluose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vienmod\u0117s skaidulos turi labai plon\u0105 branduol\u012f \u2013 tik apie 8-10 mikrometr\u0173. \u0160viesa gali keliauti tik vienu keliu \u2013 tiesiai per centr\u0105. Tai reikalauja labai tiksli\u0173 lazeri\u0173 ir brangesn\u0117s \u012frangos, bet signalas gali keliauti de\u0161imtis ir \u0161imtus kilometr\u0173 be stiprinimo. B\u016btent tokios skaidulos naudojamos ilg\u0173 atstum\u0173 komunikacijose \u2013 tarp miest\u0173, tarp \u0161ali\u0173, per vandenyn\u0173 dugn\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vandenyno dugne \u2013 interneto gyvyb\u0117s linijos<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kai atsiun\u010diate el. lai\u0161k\u0105 \u012f kit\u0105 \u017eemyn\u0105 ar \u017ei\u016brite vaizdo \u012fra\u0161\u0105 i\u0161 u\u017esienio serverio, j\u016bs\u0173 duomenys grei\u010diausiai keliavo per vandenyno dugn\u0105. Palydovin\u0117 komunikacija, nors ir skamba moderniau, perduoda tik nedidel\u0119 dal\u012f tarptautinio interneto srauto \u2013 ji per l\u0117ta ir per brangi dideliems duomen\u0173 kiekiams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Povandeniniai optiniai kabeliai yra tikri in\u017einerijos stebuklai. Jie gali b\u016bti t\u016bkstan\u010dius kilometr\u0173 ilgio ir guli keli\u0173 kilometr\u0173 gylyje. Pirmasis transatlantinis optinis kabelis TAT-8 buvo nutiestas 1988 metais tarp JAV, Britanijos ir Pranc\u016bzijos. Jis gal\u0117jo perduoti 40 000 vienu metu vykstan\u010di\u0173 telefono pokalbi\u0173 \u2013 to meto mastu tai buvo ne\u012ftik\u0117tina. \u0160iandien naujausi kabeliai gali perduoti \u0161imtus terabit\u0173 per sekund\u0119.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tokio kabelio konstrukcija primena rusi\u0161k\u0105 matrio\u0161k\u0105. Viduje \u2013 kelios ar keliolika optini\u0173 skaidul\u0173. Aplink jas \u2013 vanden\u012f atmetantis gelis. Toliau \u2013 vario vamzdelis, kuris tiekia elektros energij\u0105 signal\u0173 stiprintuvams (repeaters), i\u0161d\u0117stytiems kas 50-100 kilometr\u0173. Dar i\u0161oriau \u2013 stiprinantys plieniniai lynai, nes kabel\u012f reikia tempti de\u0161imtis kilometr\u0173 \u012f gyl\u012f. Galiausiai \u2013 i\u0161orin\u0117 apsauga, kuri prie krant\u0173 b\u016bna storesn\u0117 (ten kabelis gali b\u016bti pa\u017eeistas laiv\u0173 inkar\u0173 ar \u017evejybos tral\u0173).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Klojant tok\u012f kabel\u012f naudojami special\u016bs laivai su mil\u017eini\u0161kais b\u016bgnais. Kabelis leid\u017eiamas l\u0117tai, o laivas juda numatytu mar\u0161rutu. Dugne kabelis da\u017enai tiesiog guli, bet seklesn\u0117se vietose jis u\u017ekasamas \u012f grunt\u0105. Visas procesas gali trukti m\u0117nesius ir kainuoti \u0161imtus milijon\u0173 doleri\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kai \u0161viesa nusilpsta \u2013 stiprintuvai ir regeneratoriai<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Net ir labai gryname stikle \u0161viesa pama\u017eu silpn\u0117ja keliaudama. Fotonai sugeriami, i\u0161sisklaid\u017eia, nukrypsta. Po tam tikro atstumo signalas tampa per silpnas, kad j\u012f b\u016bt\u0173 galima patikimai perskaityti. Trumpiems atstumams tai ne problema, bet kai reikia perduoti duomenis per \u0161imtus ar t\u016bkstan\u010dius kilometr\u0173, reikia pagalbos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anks\u010diau naudoti optoelektriniai regeneratoriai \u2013 \u012frenginiai, kurie paversdavo \u0161vies\u0105 elektra, sustiprindavo signal\u0105, i\u0161valydavo triuk\u0161m\u0105 ir v\u0117l paversdavo elektra \u0161viesa. Bet tai buvo brangu ir sud\u0117tinga, ypa\u010d povandeniniuose kabeliuose, kur prieiga prie \u012frangos prakti\u0161kai ne\u012fmanoma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Revoliucij\u0105 padar\u0117 optiniai stiprintuvai, ypa\u010d EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier), i\u0161rasti devintojo de\u0161imtme\u010dio pabaigoje. Tai specialios optin\u0117s skaidulos, \u012f kuri\u0173 stikl\u0105 \u012fmai\u0161yta erbio atom\u0173. Kai pro toki\u0105 skaidul\u0105 eina silpnas signalas, o i\u0161 \u0161ono j\u0105 ap\u0161vie\u010dia galingas lazeris (kaip taisykl\u0117, 980 nm arba 1480 nm bangos ilgio), erbio atomai su\u017eadinami ir i\u0161spinduliuoja papildomus fotonus, kurie sustiprina praeinant\u012f signal\u0105. Genialiausia tai, kad viskas vyksta opti\u0161kai \u2013 nereikia joki\u0173 elektrini\u0173 konversij\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160ie stiprintuvai yra santykinai paprasti, patikimi ir gali veikti de\u0161imtme\u010dius be prie\u017ei\u016bros \u2013 idealu povandeniniams kabeliams. Jie taip pat gali vienu metu stiprinti daugyb\u0119 skirting\u0173 bangos ilgi\u0173, kas leid\u017eia efektyviai naudoti WDM technologijas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Optika namie \u2013 kai \u0161viesolaidis ateina \u012f j\u016bs\u0173 svetain\u0119<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Optiniai kabeliai seniai neb\u0117ra tik did\u017ei\u0173j\u0173 telekomunikacij\u0173 kompanij\u0173 reikalas. FTTH (Fiber To The Home) \u2013 \u0161viesolaidis iki nam\u0173 \u2013 tampa vis populiaresnis. Jei turite tok\u012f ry\u0161\u012f, optinis kabelis ateina tiesiai \u012f j\u016bs\u0173 but\u0105 ar nam\u0105, kur specialus \u012frenginys \u2013 optinis tinklo terminalas (ONT) \u2013 paver\u010dia \u0161viesos signalus \u012f \u012fprastus elektrinius, kuriuos supranta j\u016bs\u0173 kompiuteris ar mar\u0161rutizatorius.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160viesolaid\u017eio prana\u0161umai akivaizd\u016bs: mil\u017eini\u0161ki grei\u010diai (gigabitai per sekund\u0119 jau standartin\u0117 paslauga), labai ma\u017eas v\u0117lavimas (svarbu \u017eaidimams ir vaizdo skambu\u010diams), atsparumas elektromagnetiniams trukd\u017eiams, patikimumas. Skirtingai nuo varini\u0173 laid\u0173, kurie gali koroduoti ar prast\u0117ti d\u0117l dr\u0117gm\u0117s, stiklas prakti\u0161kai nesensta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tiesa, yra ir tr\u016bkum\u0173. Optiniai kabeliai jautresni mechaniniams pa\u017eeidimams \u2013 per stipriai sulenkus ar suspaudus skaidul\u0105, ji gali \u012ftr\u016bkti. Montavimas reikalauja specialios \u012frangos ir \u012fg\u016bd\u017ei\u0173. Skaidul\u0173 sujungimas (suvirinimas) \u2013 tai tikslus procesas, kai du stiklo galai sulydomi kartu specialiu aparatu, kuris sulydo juos elektros lanku. Geras suvirinimas prakti\u0161kai nemato signalo praradimo, prastas gali sugadinti vis\u0105 linij\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ateities \u0161viesa \u2013 kur link judame<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Optini\u0173 technologij\u0173 raida nestovi vietoje. Mokslininkai ir in\u017einieriai nuolat ie\u0161ko b\u016bd\u0173, kaip perduoti dar daugiau duomen\u0173 dar grei\u010diau. Viena \u012fdomiausi\u0173 kryp\u010di\u0173 \u2013 erdvin\u0117 multipleksacija, kai naudojamos specialios daugiabranduol\u0117s skaidulos su keliais atskirais branduoliais vienoje skaiduloje, arba skaidulos, kurios palaiko daug skirting\u0173 orbitini\u0173 kampinio momento mod\u0173. Tai kaip tur\u0117ti kelis atskirus kabelius viename.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kita kryptis \u2013 fotonikos integravimas. Vietoj atskir\u0173 komponent\u0173 \u2013 lazeri\u0173, moduliatori\u0173, detektori\u0173 \u2013 kuriami fotonikos lustai, kur visa optin\u0117 sistema integruota viename mikroscheme, pana\u0161iai kaip elektroniniai tranzistoriai integruoti procesori\u0173 lustuose. Tai gali drasti\u0161kai suma\u017einti kain\u0105 ir energijos suvartojim\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kvantin\u0117 komunikacija \u2013 dar viena sritis, kur optin\u0117s skaidulos vaidina pagrindin\u012f vaidmen\u012f. Perduodant informacij\u0105 pavieniais fotonais ir naudojant kvantin\u0117s mechanikos d\u0117snius, galima sukurti absoliu\u010diai saugius ry\u0161io kanalus, kuri\u0173 ne\u012fmanoma pasiklausyti nepasteb\u0117tam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Optiniai kabeliai jau dabar yra modernios civilizacijos nerv\u0173 sistema. Kiekvien\u0105 dien\u0119 per juos keliauja ne\u012fsivaizduojami duomen\u0173 kiekiai \u2013 vaizdo \u012fra\u0161ai, pokalbiai, verslo sandoriai, moksliniai tyrimai, pramogos. Ir visa tai vyksta \u0161viesos grei\u010diu, per plonytes stiklo gijas, kurios driekiasi po \u017eeme ir po vandenynais, jungia \u017eemynus ir \u017emones. Tai technologija, kuri padar\u0117 globali\u0105 kaimynyst\u0119 ne tik \u012fmanom\u0105, bet ir kasdienybe. O kai pagalvojate, kad visa tai veikia d\u0117l paprastos fizikos taisykl\u0117s \u2013 \u0161viesos atspind\u017eio stiklo viduje \u2013 dar labiau \u012fvertinate \u017emogaus i\u0161radingumo gali\u0105.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kaip \u0161viesa keliauja po vandeniu ir po \u017eeme Kai nar\u0161ote internet\u0105, \u017ei\u016brite film\u0105 ar skambinate per vaizdo ry\u0161\u012f, j\u016bs\u0173 duomenys…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5891,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15,17,16,7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5892","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kompiuteriu-remontas-kaune","category-kompiuteriu-remontas-klaipedoje","category-kompiuteriu-remontas-vilniuje","category-kompiuteriu-remontas-kompiuteriai-naujienos-patarimai","wpcat-15-id","wpcat-17-id","wpcat-16-id","wpcat-7-id"],"yoast_head":"\nInterneto kabeli\u0173 optini\u0173 skaidul\u0173 \u0161viesa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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