{"id":5882,"date":"2025-11-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/elmeistrai.lt\/?p=5882"},"modified":"2025-10-07T15:30:08","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T12:30:08","slug":"vr-akiniu-erdvinio-vaizdo-kurimas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/elmeistrai.lt\/fr\/vr-akiniu-erdvinio-vaizdo-kurimas\/","title":{"rendered":"VR akini\u0173 erdvinio vaizdo k\u016brimas"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kaip i\u0161 plok\u0161\u010dio ekrano gimsta erdv\u0117<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pirm\u0105 kart\u0105 u\u017esid\u0117jus virtualios realyb\u0117s akinius, da\u017eniausiai \u017emog\u0173 apima keistas jausmas \u2013 tarsi staiga atsidurtum visai kitoje vietoje. Ne tiesiog \u017ei\u016bri \u012f ekran\u0105, o i\u0161 tikr\u0173j\u0173 jauti, kad esi ka\u017ekur kitur. Bet kaip du ma\u017ei ekran\u0117liai, nutol\u0119 vos keli\u0173 centimetr\u0173 nuo aki\u0173, sugeba sukurti toki\u0105 \u012ftikinam\u0105 erdv\u0117s iliuzij\u0105? Atsakymas slypi keliuose gudriai sujungtuose principuose, kuriuos \u017emonija tobulino daugiau nei \u0161imtmet\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pagrindinis triukas \u010dia tas pats, kuriuo remiasi ir m\u016bs\u0173 nat\u016bralus reg\u0117jimas \u2013 stereoskopija. Kiekviena m\u016bs\u0173 akis mato pasaul\u012f \u0161iek tiek skirtingai, nes jos yra nutikusios ma\u017edaug 6-7 centimetr\u0173 atstumu viena nuo kitos. Smegenys \u0161iuos du vaizdus sulieja \u012f vien\u0105 ir i\u0161 skirtum\u0173 tarp j\u0173 apskai\u010diuoja, kokie objektai yra ar\u010diau, o kokie toliau. VR akiniai tiesiog imituoja \u0161\u012f proces\u0105 \u2013 kiekvienai akiai rodo \u0161iek tiek skirting\u0105 vaizd\u0105, sukurt\u0105 i\u0161 skirting\u0173 kamp\u0173. Kai smegenys gauna tokius duomenis, jos automati\u0161kai „\u012fjungia” erdv\u0117s suvokim\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u0119\u0161iai, kurie i\u0161kreipia, kad matytume tiesiai<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bet \u010dia i\u0161kyla problema \u2013 kaip galima \u017ei\u016br\u0117ti \u012f ekran\u0105, esant\u012f vos 3-5 centimetr\u0173 atstumu nuo akies? \u012eprastomis s\u0105lygomis m\u016bs\u0173 akys tiesiog negal\u0117t\u0173 sufokusuoti tokio artimo objekto. \u010cia \u012f pagalb\u0105 ateina special\u016bs l\u0119\u0161iai, \u012fmontuoti VR akiniuose. Jie veikia pana\u0161iai kaip didintuvai, tik atvirk\u0161\u010diai \u2013 ne didina vaizd\u0105, o leid\u017eia akims sufokusuoti artim\u0105 ekran\u0105 taip, tarsi jis b\u016bt\u0173 daug toliau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160ie l\u0119\u0161iai paprastai b\u016bna fresnelio tipo \u2013 tai rei\u0161kia, kad j\u0173 pavir\u0161ius n\u0117ra lygus, o sudarytas i\u0161 koncentrini\u0173 \u017eied\u0173. Tokia konstrukcija leid\u017eia pasiekti reikiam\u0105 optin\u012f efekt\u0105 naudojant daug plonesn\u012f ir lengvesn\u012f l\u0119\u0161\u012f nei tradicinis. Ta\u010diau fresnelio l\u0119\u0161iai turi ir tr\u016bkum\u0173 \u2013 kartais gali atsirasti \u0161viesos atspind\u017eiai ar vaizdo i\u0161kraipymai pakra\u0161\u010diuose. Naujesniuose modeliuose pradedami naudoti sud\u0117tingesni hibridiniai l\u0119\u0161iai arba net pancake optika, kuri leid\u017eia dar labiau suma\u017einti akini\u0173 dyd\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u012edomu tai, kad l\u0119\u0161i\u0173 nustatymai turi b\u016bti labai tiksl\u016bs kiekvienam vartotojui. Tod\u0117l daugelis VR akini\u0173 leid\u017eia reguliuoti atstum\u0105 tarp l\u0119\u0161i\u0173 (IPD \u2013 interpupillary distance), kad jis atitikt\u0173 atstum\u0105 tarp j\u016bs\u0173 aki\u0173 vyzd\u017ei\u0173. Net keli\u0173 milimetr\u0173 skirtumas gali labai paveikti vaizdo ai\u0161kum\u0105 ir komfort\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pikseliai, kuriuos matai per daug gerai<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kai ekranas yra taip arti aki\u0173, kiekvienas pikselis tampa matomas. Tai vadinama „screen door” efektu \u2013 tarsi \u017ei\u016br\u0117tum pro tinklel\u012f. Ankstyvieji VR akiniai \u0161ia problema kent\u0117jo labai stipriai, bet technologijos spar\u010diai tobul\u0117ja. \u0160iuolaikiniai VR headsetai naudoja ekranus su labai dideliu pikseli\u0173 tankiu \u2013 da\u017enai 2000×2000 pikseli\u0173 ar daugiau kiekvienai akiai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cia naudojamos \u012fvairios ekran\u0173 technologijos. LCD ekranai yra pigesni ir gali b\u016bti \u0161vies\u016bs, bet turi prastesn\u012f kontrast\u0105. OLED ekranai pasi\u017eymi puikiu kontrastu ir juodos spalvos perteikimu, nes kiekvienas pikselis \u0161vyti pats, ta\u010diau gali tur\u0117ti problem\u0173 su ilgalaikiu vaizdo „\u012fdeginimu”. Naujausi modeliai pradeda naudoti micro-OLED technologij\u0105, kuri leid\u017eia pasiekti dar didesn\u012f pikseli\u0173 tank\u012f ma\u017eesniame plote.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bet ne tik rezoliucija svarbi \u2013 atnaujinimo da\u017enis (refresh rate) irgi turi mil\u017eini\u0161k\u0105 \u012ftak\u0105. Jei ekranas atsinaujina tik 60 kart\u0173 per sekund\u0119, judesiai atrodo tr\u016bk\u010diojantys, o tai gali sukelti pykinim\u0105. \u0160iuolaikiniai VR akiniai paprastai veikia 90-120 Hz da\u017eniu, o kai kurie net 144 Hz ar daugiau. Kuo didesnis \u0161is skai\u010dius, tuo sklandesni judesiai ir ma\u017eesn\u0117 tikimyb\u0117 pajusti diskomfort\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sekimas erdv\u0117je \u2013 kaip akiniai \u017eino, kur j\u016bs esate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Erdvinis vaizdas b\u016bt\u0173 visi\u0161kai nenaudingas, jei jis nejud\u0117t\u0173 kartu su jumis. Kai pasukate galv\u0105 de\u0161in\u0117n, virtualus pasaulis turi pasukti kair\u0117n tiksliai tuo pa\u010diu grei\u010diu ir kampu. Bet kaip akiniai \u017eino, kaip j\u016bs judite?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160iuolaikiniai VR akiniai naudoja keli\u0173 tip\u0173 jutiklius. Pirmiausia \u2013 tai IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), kuriame yra giroskopas, akselerometras ir magnetometras. \u0160ie jutikliai stebi kiekvien\u0105 galvos judes\u012f \u2013 pasukimus, pakreipimus, palinksnius. Jie reaguoja labai greitai, bet turi vien\u0105 problem\u0105 \u2013 ilgainiui kaupiasi paklaida, vadinamasis „drift”. Jei remtum\u0117m\u0117s tik jais, po keli\u0173 minu\u010di\u0173 virtualus pasaulis prad\u0117t\u0173 „plaukti”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tod\u0117l naudojamas ir optinis sekimas. Senesn\u0117se sistemose (kaip PlayStation VR) tai buvo i\u0161orin\u0117s kameros, sekan\u010dios \u0161vieseles ant akini\u0173. Bet \u0161iuolaikiniai akiniai naudoja „inside-out” sekim\u0105 \u2013 kameros yra pa\u010diuose akiniuose ir stebi aplink\u0105. Akiniai nuolat analizuoja, kaip kei\u010diasi aplinkos vaizdas, ir i\u0161 to apskai\u010diuoja savo pozicij\u0105 erdv\u0117je. Tai vadinama SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) technologija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kai kurie premium modeliai naudoja ir papildom\u0105 aki\u0173 sekim\u0105 (eye tracking). Tai leid\u017eia ne tik valdyti s\u0105saj\u0105 \u017evilgsniu, bet ir optimizuoti vaizd\u0105 \u2013 a\u0161triai pie\u0161ti tik t\u0105 viet\u0105, \u012f kuri\u0105 \u017ei\u016brite, o periferin\u012f reg\u0117jim\u0105 palikti \u0161iek tiek nery\u0161kesn\u012f. \u017dmogus to nepasteb\u0117s, bet vaizdo procesorius sutaupys daug resurs\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laikas yra viskas \u2013 latency problema<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Vienas did\u017eiausi\u0173 i\u0161\u0161\u016bki\u0173 kuriant \u012ftikinam\u0105 VR patirt\u012f yra v\u0117lavimas tarp j\u016bs\u0173 judesio ir vaizdo pasikeitimo. Jei pasukate galv\u0105, o vaizdas pasikei\u010dia po 50 milisekund\u017ei\u0173, j\u016bs\u0173 smegenys tai pasteb\u0117s ir prad\u0117s si\u0173sti pavojaus signalus. Rezultatas \u2013 diskomfortas, galvos svaigimas, pykinimas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tod\u0117l visa VR sistema turi b\u016bti optimizuota maksimaliam grei\u010diui. Nuo momento, kai jutikliai u\u017efiksuoja judes\u012f, iki momento, kai naujas vaizdas pasirodo ekrane, tur\u0117t\u0173 praeiti ne daugiau kaip 20 milisekund\u017ei\u0173, o idealiu atveju \u2013 dar ma\u017eiau. Tai rei\u0161kia, kad kiekviena grandin\u0117s dalis turi veikti \u017eaibi\u0161kai: jutikliai turi greitai nuskaityti duomenis, procesorius turi greitai perskai\u010diuoti vaizd\u0105, ekranas turi greitai j\u012f parodyti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cia padeda \u012fvairios technologijos. Pavyzd\u017eiui, „asynchronous timewarp” \u2013 kai sistema nesp\u0117ja sugeneruoti naujo kadro laiku, ji paima paskutin\u012f kadr\u0105 ir \u0161iek tiek j\u012f pasuka pagal naujausius galvos pozicijos duomenis. Tai ne idealus sprendimas, bet geriau nei rodyti pasenus\u012f vaizd\u0105. Arba „motion smoothing” \u2013 tarpini\u0173 kadr\u0173 generavimas, kad judesiai atrodyt\u0173 sklandesni net kai kompiuteris nesp\u0117ja generuoti pakankamai greitai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Garsas, kuris u\u017ebaigia iliuzij\u0105<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nors kalbame apie vaizd\u0105, erdvin\u0117 patirtis b\u016bt\u0173 nei\u0161sami be garso. M\u016bs\u0173 ausys labai gerai nustato, i\u0161 kur ateina garsas, ir jei girdime k\u0105 nors i\u0161 kair\u0117s, bet matome \u0161altin\u012f de\u0161in\u0117je, smegenys i\u0161 karto supranta, kad ka\u017ekas negerai.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VR sistemose naudojamas erdvinis 3D garsas (spatial audio). Tai ne tas pats kas stereo ar net 5.1 surround. \u010cia garsas yra apskai\u010diuojamas realiu laiku pagal j\u016bs\u0173 galvos pozicij\u0105 ir virtuali\u0173 objekt\u0173 i\u0161sid\u0117stym\u0105. Jei virtualus sraigtasparnis skrenda vir\u0161 j\u016bs\u0173, garso \u0161altinis juda kartu su juo. Jei pasukate galv\u0105, garsas lieka toje pa\u010dioje vietoje erdv\u0117je.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tam naudojami HRTF (Head-Related Transfer Function) algoritmai, kurie imituoja, kaip m\u016bs\u0173 galvos forma, aus\u0173 forma ir k\u016bno atspind\u017eiai kei\u010dia gars\u0105 prie\u0161 jam pasiekiant b\u016bgnelius. Kiekvienas \u017emogus turi \u0161iek tiek skirting\u0105 HRTF, bet naudojamos bendros, vidutin\u0117s vert\u0117s, kurios veikia pakankamai gerai daugumai \u017emoni\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kai kurie akiniai turi integruotas ausines, kiti leid\u017eia naudoti savo. \u012edomu, kad kai kurie modeliai naudoja „bone conduction” technologij\u0105 \u2013 garsas perduodamas per kaukol\u0117s vibracijas, palikdamas ausis laisvas gird\u0117ti ir real\u0173 pasaul\u012f. Tai naudinga mi\u0161rios realyb\u0117s (mixed reality) programose.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kai technologija susiduria su biologija<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Viena did\u017eiausi\u0173 problem\u0173 VR technologijoje yra tai, kad ji kartais apgaudin\u0117ja m\u016bs\u0173 smegenis ne visai suderintai. Matote jud\u0117jim\u0105, bet j\u016bs\u0173 vestibulinis aparatas (pusiausvyros organas ausyse) sako, kad j\u016bs stovite vietoje. Arba atvirk\u0161\u010diai \u2013 virtualiai vaik\u0161tote, bet k\u016bnas nejuda. \u0160is neatitikimas gali sukelti „motion sickness” \u2013 pykinim\u0105, pana\u0161\u0173 \u012f j\u016bros lig\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skirtingi \u017emon\u0117s \u012f tai reaguoja skirtingai. Kai kurie gali \u017eaisti VR valand\u0173 valandas be jokio diskomforto, kiti pradeda jausti pykim\u0105 po keli\u0173 minu\u010di\u0173. Laimei, yra b\u016bd\u0173, kaip tai su\u0161velninti. Pirma, u\u017etikrinti auk\u0161t\u0105 kadr\u0173 da\u017en\u012f ir ma\u017e\u0105 latency \u2013 kaip min\u0117jome anks\u010diau. Antra, vengti tam tikr\u0173 judesi\u0173 tip\u0173 \u017eaidimuose \u2013 pavyzd\u017eiui, dirbtinis vaik\u0161\u010diojimas su joystick yra daug blogesnis nei teleportacija arba fizinis vaik\u0161\u010diojimas kambaryje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitas biologinis aspektas \u2013 aki\u0173 nuovargis. Kai \u017ei\u016brime \u012f realius objektus skirtingais atstumais, m\u016bs\u0173 aki\u0173 l\u0119\u0161iai kei\u010dia form\u0105 (akomodacija), o akys konverguoja (vyzd\u017eiai juda). VR akiniuose \u0161ie du dalykai nesinchronizuoja \u2013 akys konverguoja \u012f skirtingus atstumus, bet l\u0119\u0161iai visada fokusuoja \u012f t\u0105 pat\u012f atstum\u0105 (ekran\u0105). Tai vadinama vergencijos-akomodacijos konfliktu, ir ilgainiui gali sukelti aki\u0173 \u012ftamp\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naujausi tyrimai dirba su varifocal ekranais, kurie fizi\u0161kai kei\u010dia fokuso atstum\u0105 priklausomai nuo to, kur \u017ei\u016brite (tam reikalingas eye tracking). Arba su light field ekranais, kurie generuoja \u0161viesos spindulius taip, kad akys nat\u016braliai gali fokusuoti skirtingus atstumus. Bet \u0161ios technologijos dar labai brangios ir sud\u0117tingos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nuo stereoskop\u0173 iki metaverse \u2013 technologija, kuri vis dar auga<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

VR technologija n\u0117ra nauja id\u0117ja. Jau XIX am\u017eiuje buvo populiar\u016bs stereoskopai \u2013 \u012frenginiai, kuriuose \u017ei\u016br\u0117jai \u012f dvi nuotraukas, padarytas i\u0161 \u0161iek tiek skirting\u0173 kamp\u0173, ir matydavo erdvin\u012f vaizd\u0105. 1960-aisiais buvo sukurtas pirmasis tikras VR headset’as „Sensorama”, o 1990-aisiais buvo bandym\u0173 sukurti komercinius VR akinius \u017eaidimams (kas prisimena Nintendo Virtual Boy?).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bet tik pastar\u0105j\u012f de\u0161imtmet\u012f technologijos pasiek\u0117 tok\u012f lyg\u012f, kad VR tapo tikrai naudojama. Spart\u016bs procesoriai, kokybi\u0161ki ekranai, pa\u017eang\u016bs jutikliai \u2013 visa tai tapo pakankamai gera ir pakankamai pigi. Oculus Rift 2016-aisiais i\u0161 esm\u0117s prad\u0117jo moderni\u0105 VR er\u0105, o dabar turime de\u0161imtis skirting\u0173 modeli\u0173 \u2013 nuo pigi\u0173 telefon\u0173 d\u0117kl\u0173 iki t\u016bkstan\u010dius kainuojan\u010di\u0173 profesionali\u0173 sistem\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0160iandien VR naudojama ne tik \u017eaidimams. Architektai vaik\u0161to po dar nepastatytais pastatais. Chirurgai treniruojasi atlikti operacijas. Terapeutai gydo fobijas. In\u017einieriai projektuoja automobilius. Mokytojai veda virtualias ekskursijas \u012f istorinius \u012fvykius ar \u012f \u017emogaus k\u016bn\u0105. Galimyb\u0117s atrodo berib\u0117s, ir technologija vis dar spar\u010diai tobul\u0117ja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Artimiausioje ateityje matysime dar lengvesnius, kompakti\u0161kesnius akinius su didesne rezoliucija ir platesniu reg\u0117jimo lauku. Galb\u016bt bevielius, su savais procesoriais, nereikalaujan\u010dius joki\u0173 i\u0161orini\u0173 \u012frengini\u0173. Galb\u016bt su tokia gera optika, kad nebebus \u012fmanoma atskirti virtualaus vaizdo nuo realaus. Kai kurie vizionieriai kalba apie akinius, kurie bus ne didesni u\u017e paprastas saul\u0117s akinius, bet sugeb\u0117s projektuoti visi\u0161kai \u012ftikinam\u0105 virtual\u0173 pasaul\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Technologija jau dabar veikia steb\u0117tinai gerai, bet vis dar yra daug erdv\u0117s tobul\u0117ti. Kiekviena karta VR akini\u0173 sprend\u017eia vis daugiau problem\u0173 \u2013 ma\u017eina svor\u012f, didina komfort\u0105, gerina vaizdo kokyb\u0119, ma\u017eina kain\u0105. Ir kas svarbiausia \u2013 vis geriau supranta, kaip dirbti kartu su m\u016bs\u0173 smegenimis, o ne prie\u0161 jas, kurdama tikrai \u012ftikinam\u0105 erdv\u0117s iliuzij\u0105 i\u0161 dviej\u0173 ma\u017e\u0173 ekran\u0117li\u0173 ir gudri\u0173 l\u0119\u0161i\u0173.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kaip i\u0161 plok\u0161\u010dio ekrano gimsta erdv\u0117 Pirm\u0105 kart\u0105 u\u017esid\u0117jus virtualios realyb\u0117s akinius, da\u017eniausiai \u017emog\u0173 apima keistas jausmas \u2013 tarsi staiga…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5881,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5882","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kompiuteriu-remontas-kompiuteriai-naujienos-patarimai","wpcat-7-id"],"yoast_head":"\nVR akini\u0173 erdvinio vaizdo k\u016brimas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/elmeistrai.lt\/fr\/vr-akiniu-erdvinio-vaizdo-kurimas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta 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